Dr. Montessori’s Brain Studies
Brain diagram from "Pedagogical Anthropology" by Maria Montessori, 1913.
In 1909, Dr. Maria Montessori published her first book on the Montessori Method. In 1913, she also wrote Pedagogical Anthropology, a work that explored the study of human development. With her background in science and medicine, Montessori sought to better understand the structure of the human brain and how learning takes place, especially in relation to the development and needs of children.
Over a century ago, knowledge of the brain was still very limited and constrained by the lack of advanced technology. Yet, many of Montessori’s observations and theories have since been confirmed by modern neuroscience, showing remarkable alignment.
This demonstrates that Montessori’s approach to early childhood education is deeply rooted in the natural growth of human beings, while also helping society recognize and correct many myths and misconceptions about raising children.
What's happening inside a young child's BRAIN?
Why Pruning Matters for Development?
Smarter Pathways:
Pruning removes unnecessary connections, making the brain work more efficiently. When unused or duplicate synapses are eliminated, neural signals travel faster and more smoothly.
Result: Faster thinking, better focus, and more precise responses.
Increased Plasticity:
After pruning, clearing away unneeded connections, the brain frees up energy and space to form new synapses (synaptogenesis) and acquire new skills. The brain becomes more flexible and ready to learn new things (brain plasticity).
Result: Children adapt better to new environments, form memories more easily, and learn new knowledge faster.
Ever wondered how many NEURONS a newborn baby’s brain contains at birth and how many SYNAPSES it makes?
100 BILLION
NEURONS!
Your baby is born with about 100 billion neurons and over 250 trillion connections (synapses) already buzzing with activity. About 1 million neural connections form EACH SECOND in these first few years (0-3).
(a period of synaptic overproduction)
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
USE IT or LOSE IT!
Between ages 2 and 10, the brain prunes nearly 50% its synapses, connections that are rarely used or weakly reinforced gradually weakened or disappear.
USE IT or LOSE IT!
(Peaks Between Ages 2 to 10)
RIGHT CONNECTIONS TODAY, HEALTHY MINDS TOMORROW!
Every Experience Wires the Brain
The goal is not just more stimulation, but the RIGHT KIND!
The connections formed early lay either a strong or weak foundation for all future learning. POSITIVE early experiences build strong brain architecture, supporting lifelong learning and healthy development.
Engaging in warm, responsive serve-and-return interactions during the early years is essential for healthy development
The Montessori environment fosters stable, consistent, and trusting relationships between teachers and children. Educators also guide children in developing emotional regulation skills, helping them recognize, express, and manage their feelings in healthy, respectful ways.
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REPEATED, HANDS-ON
engagement in purposeful activities build stronger brain connections
Neuroscience shows that the brain builds connections through repetition and active engagement. Research suggests it can take up to 400 repetitions to create a new synapse when learning is passive, but only about 12 repetitions when learning is active, self-initiated, and hands-on (which confirmed Montessori's approach).
Safe, stable environments can prevent and even reverse negative stress effects that harms lifelong health
Montessori Environment reduces negative stress:
Calm & Orderly Atmosphere – Predictable routines create safety and security.
Child-Centered Design – Everything fits the child’s size and needs.
Freedom with Limits – Choice builds confidence and independence.
Responsive Relationships – Warm connections nurture emotional safety.
Active, Self-Paced Learning – Hands-on work reduces pressure and fosters focus.
The Younger the Brain, the Easier It Learns!
Birth: 100 billion neurons!
Age 3: 1000 trillion synapses!
Age 2-10: Pruning removed 50% synapses
Age 14: Full size brain
Adapted from a graph created by Pat Levitt in collaboration with the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University (2009).
Brain plasticity, (a.k.a. neuroplasticity), refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize its structure, function, and connections in response to learning, experience, or injury.
• When children learn new things, practice skills, or even recover after challenges, their brain makes new connections between brain cells.
• The more they repeat or practice, the stronger and more stable those connections become, while rarely used one become weaker.
• Neuroplasticity isn’t a fixed process, it changes throughout life. It’s shaped by many factors, including a person’s age, gender, hormones, and environmental experiences.
The green line shows how much effort or energy it takes for the brain to change (what’s called the physiological cost).
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For young children, learning new things happens naturally and with ease during the right developmental stages.
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As we grow older, learning something new takes more effort, repetition, and time than it does for a young child.
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The brain may learn slower as we age but we can still grow and rewire it! This is called lifelong plasticity.
How can we promote healthy brain development during early childhood?
